9. — La clef du trésor .

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            <head> 9. — La clef du trésor. 
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               <p><persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName> avait maintenant douze
                  ans, et c'était pour elle la fin des classes qui arrive toujours un peu trop vite. </p>
               <fw type="footer"><fw type="sig"> 2. </fw></fw>
               <fw type="header"> 30 SUZETTE. </fw>
               <pb type="page" n="30" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_030.jpg"/>
               <p> A ces douze ans-là s'ajoutaient un teint clair, des dents blanches et propres,
                  une souple et longue chevelure ornant un visage à l'air ouvert et avenant. Le jour
                  de son anniversaire* <note type="annotation"> Anniversaire. Époque ou cérémonie
                     que ramène le souvenir d'un événement arrivé à pareil jour. </note> tombait
                  juste la veille des vacances. </p>
               <p> Comme les élèves, assez pressées de les commencer, se levaient, sans attendre le
                  coup de l'horloge,  <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName>
                  les fit rasseoir. </p>
               <figure type="sujets">
                  <caption>L'art du livre.</caption>
                  <caption>Les <term>caractères d'imprimerie</term> sont de petites tiges de métal
                     qui portent en relief à l'une de leurs extrémités une lettre de l'alphabet.
                     L’ouvrier appelé <term>compositeur</term> forme, avec ces lettres, des mots,
                     puis des lignes, enfin une page. La page composée et corrigée est placée sous
                     une machine appelée <term>presse</term> ; un rouleau imbibé d'encre
                     d'imprimerie recouvre de noir les caractères ; on place ensuite sur ces
                     caractères une feuille de papier sur laquelle on opère une pression, de façon
                     que les lettres mouillées d'encre s'impriment en noir sur le papier. </caption>
               </figure>
               <p> — Encore un moment, dit-elle ; plusieurs d'entre vous ne me reviendront plus : je
                  dois leur adresser une question. Elles s'en vont sachant au moins lire ; mais
                  savent-elles pourquoi l'école leur a appris à lire ? </p>
               <p> La plupart des nez se levèrent vers le plafond comme si la réponse eût dû s'y
                  trouver, et  <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName> répéta
                  sa demande. </p>
               <p> — Eh bien ! reprit-elle, après un nouveau silence, on vous a appris à lire, tout
                  simplement pour que vous lisiez ! </p>
               <fw type="header"> LA CLEF DU TRÉSOR. 31 </fw>
               <pb type="page" n="31" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_031.jpg"/>
               <p>Les demoiselles de douze ans, et les autres plus jeunes, se mirent à rire. </p>
               <p> — Oui, reprit <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName>, vous
                  emportez d'ici la lecture, clef d'un vaste trésor qui est le savoir. Beaucoup de
                  celles qui vous ont précédées sur ces bancs ont oublié cette clef au fond de leur
                  poche et sont retournées aussitôt à la pauvreté, à la stérilité d'esprit* <note type="annotation"> Stérilité d'esprit. Etat d'une personne incapable de tirer
                     parti de ce qu’elle sait. </note> d'où l'école avait voulu les tirer. Voyons,
                     <persName type="fictif" key="jeanne">Jeanne</persName>, et toi, <persName type="fictif" key="madeleine">Madeleine</persName>, et toi, <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, vous me comprenez ? </p>
               <p> — Oui, Madame.</p>
               <p>— Eh bien ! que ferez-vous de la clef ? </p>
               <p> — Nous ouvririons le trésor, répondit <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, si nous avions des livres. </p>
               <p> — A la bonne heure ! </p>
               <p> — Mais nous n'en avons pas. </p>
               <p> — Vraiment! pas un seul chez aucune de vous ? </p>
               <p> — Moi, dit <persName type="fictif" key="madeleine">Madeleine</persName>, j'en ai
                  un : l'almanach* <note type="annotation"> Almanach. Petit livre ou calendrier qui
                     contient la liste des jours de l'année avec des prédictions relatives au temps.
                  </note> de <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55125147">Mathieu Lænsberg</persName>. </p>
               <p> — Moi, s'écria <persName type="fictif" key="jeanne">Jeanne</persName>, j'en ai
                  trois. </p>
               <p> — Moi, quatre, dit <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>. </p>
               <p> — En y comprenant l’almanach, reprit en souriant <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName>, cela fait déjà huit. Et vous autres ? </p>
               <p> Chacune dit son chiffre, et l'addition donna soixante-trois livres. </p>
               <p> — Vous me les apporterez ; j'en ferai un choix ; avec une quarantaine d'ouvrages
                  de ma bibliothèque* <note type="annotation"> Bibliothèque. Lieu ou meuble dans
                     lequel on réunit beaucoup de livres. </note> que j'ajouterai, voilà le trésor
                  commun à vous toutes ; vous y puiserez librement et nous l'accroîtrons avec un peu
                  de bonne volonté. Ce sera le commencement de la bibliothèque scolaire du village.
                  J'attends vos livres demain... Et maintenant, séparons-nous sans adieu. Vous,
                  grandes filles, qui quittez l'école, n'oubliez pas qu'avec cette bibliothèque,
                  vous avez encore ici une amie. </p>
               <p> Spontanément les grandes filles se levèrent de leurs bancs, et entourèrent
                     <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme Valon</persName>. Les petites,
                  celles qui devaient revenir dans six semaines, firent de même. On embrassa
                  l'institutrice, car on l'aimait. </p>
               <p> — Allons, hop ! en vacances ! dit-elle avec un sourire ému. </p>
               <p> Ce fut une envolée d'oiseaux à qui l'on ouvre la cage. </p>
               <fw type="header"> 32 SUZETTE. </fw>
               <pb type="page" n="32" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_032.jpg"/>
               <p><persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, qui avait le cœur tendre
                  et réfléchi* <note type="annotation"> Réfléchi. Le contraire d'étourdi. </note>,
                  dit adieu d'un mélancolique regard à ces murs, à son banc, aux six années de sa
                  jeune vie déjà passées là. </p>
            </div>
            <div type="questionnaire">
               <head> Questionnaire. </head>
               <list>
                  <item>— Faites le portrait de <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName> à douze ans.</item>
                  <item>— Qu'entendez-vous par anniversaire, par vacances ?</item>
                  <item>— Quelle question adressa <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme
                        Valon</persName> à ses élèves sur l'utilité de la lecture ?</item>
                  <item>— Pourquoi tant d'élèves oublient-elles ce qu'elles ont appris à l'école
                     ?</item>
                  <item>— A quelle condition peut-on lire ?</item>
                  <item>— Que proposa madame l'institutrice pour former une bibliothèque scolaire
                     ?</item>
                  <item>— Quels avantages présente une bibliothèque scolaire ?</item>
                  <item>— Quel mot affectueux dit <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme
                        Valon</persName> aux enfants ?</item>
                  <item>— Comment celles-ci prirent-elles congé d'elle ?</item>
                  <item>— Pourquoi aimaient-elles <persName type="fictif" key="mme_valon">Mme
                        Valon</persName> ?</item>
                  <item>— Quelle pensée attristait <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName> en reprenant le chemin de la maison ?</item>
               </list>
            </div>
            <div type="exercices">
               <head> DÉVELOPPEMENT DES SUJETS PROPOSÉS POUR EXERCICES. </head>
               <div type="morale" xml:id="sujmor_009">
                  <head type="sujets"> Morale. </head>
                  <div type="questions">
                     <list type="exercices">
                        <item>— Pourquoi voit-on avec plaisir arriver les vacances ?</item>
                        <item>— A qui pensez-vous avec reconnaissance à la fin de l'année scolaire,
                           et pour quelle raison ?</item>
                        <item>— Comment doit-on employer les vacances ?</item>
                     </list>
                  </div>
                  <div type="réponses">
                     <p>Les élèves voient arriver avec plaisir l'époque des vacances, parce qu'elles
                        sont fatiguées des études et des travaux de l'année scolaire ; rien
                        d'ailleurs n'est plus agréable que de se reposer lorsque, pendant de longs
                        mois, on s'est montrée laborieuse et appliquée. C'est pour elles un bonheur
                        de rester tout le jour à la maison paternelle ou à la campagne, au moment de
                        la récolte des fruits et des vendanges. A la ville, elles ont la perspective
                        de promenades dans les jardins publics, dans les musées et dans les beaux
                        édifices qui ornent les grands centres de population. </p>
                     <p>Au moment de prendre congé de la classe, à la fin de l'année scolaire, les
                        élèves pensent avec reconnaissance aux sacrifices de leurs parents, qui ne
                        ménagent rien pour que livres, cahiers, plumes ne fassent pas défaut, et qui
                        sont frappés par l'État de lourds impôts à l'occasion de la bonne
                        installation des écoles et du traitement du personnel enseignant. Elles se
                        rappellent encore avec attendrissement les soins dévoués de madame
                        l'institutrice, ses fatigues, ses préoccupations, et la tendre sollicitude
                        dont elle entoure chacune d'entre elles. </p>
                     <p>Une jeune fille raisonnable emploiera ses vacances à seconder sa mère dans
                        les travaux du ménage, à lire de bons livres, à revoir le texte de quelques
                        leçons importantes, et enfin à jouer avec ses compagnes dans le lieu et
                        pendant le temps que ses parents fixeront. </p>
                  </div>
               </div>
               <div type="composition" xml:id="sujcom_009">
                  <head type="sujets"> Composition. </head>
                  <div type="questions">
                     <list type="exercices">
                        <item>— LES LIVRES.</item>
                        <item>— Ce qu'ils sont ;</item>
                        <item>— ce que nous y apprenons.</item>
                        <item>— Donnez le résumé d'un livre (non classique) que vous avez lu.</item>
                        <item>— Quels livres aimeriez-vous posséder ?</item>
                        <item>— Pourquoi ?</item>
                     </list>
                  </div>
                  <div type="réponses">
                     <p>Les livres nous font connaître ce que savent et ce que pensent les hommes
                        les meilleurs ou les plus instruits ; le fruit des études d'une vie entière
                        s'y peut recueillir en quelques heures. Ils sont à l'âme ce que les aliments
                        sont au corps.</p>
                     <p>Un auteur célèbre, <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401">Pétrarque</persName>, parlait
                        ainsi des livres : « Ce sont des amis dont la société m'est fort agréable,
                        des amis de tous les pays et de tous les temps. Les uns me racontent les
                        événements des siècles passés ; d'autres me révèlent les secrets de la
                        nature. Celui-ci m'enseigne le moyen de bien vivre et de bien mourir ;
                        celui-là dissipe mes soucis par son enjouement ; il en est qui m'apprennent
                        à maîtriser mes désirs, à me supporter moi-même ; enfin, ils me conduisent
                        sur la route de la science et satisfont à tous les besoins de mon esprit. » </p>
                     <p>(Donner ici le résumé d'un livre qu'on aura lu. Voir, page 407, le
                           <title>COURS DE COMPOSITION</title> (degré supérieur, Maître), par
                           <persName type="historique">E. LAPORTE</persName>.) </p>
                  </div>
               </div>
               <fw type="header"> GROSSE AFFAIRE. 33 </fw>
               <pb type="page" n="33" facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_033.jpg"/>
               <div type="industrie" xml:id="sujind_009">
                  <head type="sujets"> Industrie. </head>
                  <div type="questions">
                     <list type="exercices">
                        <item>— Comment compose-t-on, imprime-t-on les livres ?</item>
                        <item>— Qui a découvert l'imprimerie ? Donnez quelques détails,</item>
                        <item>— Pourquoi les livres coûtent-ils moins que les manuscrits ?</item>
                        <item>— Qu'est-ce qu'un livre in-folio, in-quarto, in-octavo, in-douze,
                           in-dix-huit ?</item>
                     </list>
                  </div>
                  <div type="réponses">
                     <p>Avant le quinzième siècle, on n'avait que des livres écrits à la main (les
                        manuscrits), ce qui les rendait à la fois rares et coûteux ; seuls, les
                        riches pouvaient s'en procurer. Grâce à l'imprimerie, il s'en trouve
                        aujourd'hui dans toutes les mains, et l'on en a composé sur tous les objets
                        des connaissances humaines. </p>
                     <p>Pour <term>imprimer un livre</term>, on reproduit le texte du manuscrit de
                        l'auteur au moyen de lettres de métal alignées les unes à côté des autres,
                        de manière à former les mots. L'ouvrier prend les lettres dans de petites
                        cases, et il les dispose sur un cadre ayant les dimensions d'une feuille de
                        papier. (Voir, pour la suite, la légende de la gravure de la page 30.) </p>
                     <p>L'<term>imprimerie</term> fut découverte en
                           1434, à <placeName>Strasbourg</placeName>, par <persName type="historique">Jean Gutenberg</persName>,
                           né à <placeName>Mayence</placeName> en 1400 : c'était alors un riche
                        bourgeois. Ruiné par les frais de sa découverte, il
                           retourna à <placeName>Mayence</placeName> vers 1444 et, en 1450, s'y
                        associa avec <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64390">Jean Fust</persName>. Tous deux
                        publièrent la Bible : mais dès que <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64390">Fust</persName> connut les procédés de l'art nouveau, il poursuivit
                        <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8958">Gutenberg</persName> afin d'obtenir le
                        remboursement des avances qu'il lui avait faites, puis l'abandonna sans
                        ressources pour s'adjoindre <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62560">Pierre
                           Schæffer</persName>. Le malheureux inventeur parvint néanmoins
                        à fonder une imprimerie qu'il posséda jusqu'à la fin de sa vie (1468). </p>
                     <p>Une fois composés en lettres métalliques, les livres peuvent être reproduits
                        à peu de frais à un nombre considérable, ce qui explique leur bon marché. </p>
                     <p>Les feuilles de papier sur lesquelles on imprime ont de grandes
                        dimensions (0m, 80 sur 0m, 60 environ). Si on plie chacune d'elles en
                           <term>deux</term> pour former le livre, on dit que l'ouvrage est du
                        format <rs>in-folio</rs> ; si on la plie en <term>quatre</term>, on obtient
                           l'<term>in-quarto</term> ; en <term>huit</term>,
                        l'<term>in-octavo</term>, etc., et comme chacune de ces feuilles est
                        imprimée sur les deux faces, le nombre de pages de chaque format est
                        toujours le double de la quantité qu'indique le nom du format lui-même ;
                        ainsi l'in-folio comprend 4 pages (2 fois 2 pages) ; l'in-quarto, 8 pages (2
                        fois 4 pages) ; l'in-octavo, 16 pages  (2 fois 8 pages) ; l'in-douze, 24
                        pages ; l'in-18, 36 pages, etc. Ces différents formats comprennent un ou
                        plusieurs cahiers portant chacun un numéro d'ordre particulier, lequel sert
                        surtout à classer méthodiquement à la suite l'une de l'autre les feuilles
                        d'un même livre. </p>
                  </div>
               </div>
            </div>
         </div>
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